银杏落叶期叶片NDVI值2种拟合方法比较

【目的】对银杏Ginkgo biloba L.落叶期(9—12月)的叶片进行连续定期定点的高光谱测量,计算出能代表其生长状况和营养信息的高光谱参量NDVI值,通过选用两种不同的曲线拟合方法对其NDVI值进行宏观上的以时间为自变量的曲线拟合,选出最优拟合方法,更好地了解银杏落叶期叶片光谱特征参量NDVI值的变化趋势,从而更有效地对其进行决策和控制,为植被的大尺度遥感动态监测提供方法参考。【方法】利用SVC HR-1024I全波段地物光谱仪,选取三株健康、生长环境相同、长势相近的中龄银杏为叶片采集对象,对其落叶期冠层叶片进行定期定点定方位的高光谱观测。对获取的高光谱原始数据进行数据筛选与预处理后,通过计算得出叶片的NDVI值,分别采用二次函数拟合法和ARIMA时间序列拟合法对落叶期叶片的NDVI值进行曲线拟合,并对两种拟合方法的拟合结果进行比较,选出最适合银杏叶片落叶期NDVI值的拟合方法。【结果】二次函数拟合结果为NDVI=-0.0221T2+0.0547T+0.711,决定系数R2为0.926,但因拟合结果t值不显著,样本结果随机性大,不具广泛性;ARIMA时间序列拟合中ARIMA(2,1,2)模型估测结果与实际情况接近,R2为0.811,拟合效果较好。【结论】ARIMA时间序列拟合方法比二次行数拟合方法更适用于对银杏落叶期叶片的NDVI值进行拟合。     

Relationships of Spectral Reflectance with Plant Tissue Mineral Elements of Common Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Under Drought and Salinity Stresses

ABSTRACT

Salinity and drought stresses are critical for Phaseolus vulgaris L. growth and development. They affect plants in various ways, including tissue mineral element content. Micro- and macro-elements in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (cv. ‘Blue lake’ and cv. ‘Terli’) subjected to deficit irrigation and salinity treatments were investigated, both analytically and with regards to their effect on the leaves’ spectral reflectance. B (boron), K (potassium), Mn (manganese), Na (sodium), Si (silicon) and Zn (zinc) appeared to be influenced by stress factors, mainly responding to salinity increase. The leaf spectral reflectance of the plants appeared to be significantly correlated with most of the elements under investigation. Multivariate regression identified a relationship of the reflectance at particular regions of the spectrum with phosphorus and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) and indicated a significant correlation with B, Fe (iron), K, Mn, P (phosphorus) and Zn. Moreover, customized spectral indices, exhibiting significantly high correlation with B, Fe, K, Mg (magnesium), Mn, Na, P, Zn and N (nitrogen), were developed.     

Infection routes of Aeromonas salmonicida in rainbow trout monitored in vivo by real‐time bioluminescence imaging

Recent development of imaging tools has facilitated studies of pathogen infections in vivo in real time. This trend can be exemplified by advances in bioluminescence imaging (BLI), an approach that helps to visualize dissemination of pathogens within the same animal over several time points. Here, we employ bacterial BLI for examining routes of entry and spread of Aeromonas salmonicida susbp. salmonicida in rainbow trout. A virulent Danish A. salmonicida strain was tagged with pAKgfplux1, a dual‐labelled plasmid vector containing the mutated gfpmut3a gene from Aequorea victoria and the luxCDABE genes from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. The resulting A. salmonicida transformant exhibited growth properties and virulence identical to the wild‐type A. salmonicida, which made it suitable for an experimental infection, mimicking natural conditions. Fish were infected with pAKgfplux1 tagged A. salmonicida via immersion bath. Colonization and subsequent tissue dissemination was followed over a 24‐h period using the IVIS spectrum imaging workstation. Results suggest the pathogen's colonization sites are the dorsal and pectoral fin and the gills, followed by a progression through the internal organs and an ensuing exit via the anal opening. This study provides a tool for visualizing colonization of A. salmonicida and other bacterial pathogens in fish.     

Three‐dimensional visualization of green fluorescence protein‐labelled Edwardsiella tarda in whole Medaka larvae

The invasive fish pathogen Edwardsiella tarda is common in aquatic environments and causes the environmentally and economically destructive emphysematous putrefactive disease called edwardsiellosis. In order to understand the organism's infection pathway, medaka larvae (Oryzias latipes) were immersion‐infected with E. tarda labelled with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and then visualized in three dimensions under confocal laser microscopy and light‐sheet fluorescence microscopy. Confocal microscopy revealed GFP‐labelled E. tarda in the mouth, head, gill bridges, gill cover, skin, membrane fin, gastrointestinal tract and air bladder, and in the caudal vein, somite veins, caudal artery and caudal capillaries. Light‐sheet microscopy additionally showed GFP‐labelled E. tarda in the pharyngeal cavity, muscle of the pectoral fin and cardiac atrium and ventricle. These findings suggest that during its infection of fish, E. tarda initially adheres to, and invades, the epithelial cells of the skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract (through the pharyngeal cavity); E. tarda then enters the blood vessels to access organs, including the air bladder and heart.     

张家港市农田土壤重金属含量高光谱遥感监测模型构建

以张家港农田土壤作为研究对象,在实验室测定土壤重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Hg的含量,并与土壤可见近红外高光谱数据建立土壤重金属含量的定量估测模型,以快速获取研究区农田的土壤重金属含量。为保证模型预测的精度和稳定性,首先,对原始高光谱数据进行平滑处理,并进行一阶导数、倒数一阶导数、倒数的对数一阶导数、平方根一阶导数和连续统去除等形式的光谱变换;然后,提取不同变换光谱的特征波段进行相关性分析;最后,通过逐步回归法建立重金属含量的定量估算模型。结果表明:张家港市农田土壤中Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn存在一定的污染风险。在高光谱的不同变换形式中,一阶导数和连续统去除与重金属含量的相关系数高于其他变换形式。基于8种土壤重金属含量与高光谱数据建立的定量估算模型具有良好的预测精度。Cd、Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb估算模型的实际值与验证值的拟合度分别为0.874、0.879、0.800、0.646、0.513、0.655、0.603和0.542,可用于预测张家港市的农田土壤重金属含量。     

连续投影算法融合信息熵选择霉变玉米高光谱特征波长

运用高光谱技术鉴别玉米霉变等级时,因光谱波段数多、数据量大、信息冗余度高,使鉴别工作难度加大。为了减少数据量,获得最有利于鉴别的高光谱信息特征波长,本研究提出了一种连续投影算法(SPA)融合信息熵的特征波长选择方法。首先,对霉变玉米样本高光谱数据运用多元散射校正(MSC)进行光谱预处理以消除噪声,然后利用SPA对处理过的光谱进行波长初选,得到8个初选特征波长,再通过信息熵原理处理初选特征波长下的图像信息,获得最佳特征波长。结果表明,运用SPA融合信息熵法得到有利于霉变玉米鉴别的最佳波长为819 nm,提取该波长下霉变玉米图像的纹理特征后,采用Fisher判别分析(FDA)进行鉴别,6个等级霉变玉米的鉴别正确率高达98.6%,充分证明所给出的特征波长选择方法是有效的。本研究特征波长选择方法可为更好地运用高光谱技术鉴别玉米霉变等级提供指导。     

薄膜扩散梯度（DGT）技术在环境微界面物质运移过程研究中的应用

土壤、沉积物、水体和生物体之间的接触和作用形成了多种环境微界面。这些环境微界面是物质迁移转化的重要场所,而高度时空异质性的界面特征使得对其中化学反应信息的捕捉变得极其复杂且困难。薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)技术以其原位测量元素生物有效态和高空间分辨率等优势,适用于研究化学异质性的界面过程。本文系统总结了DGT技术在环境微界面的物质运移过程研究中的应用现状,包括以下3方面内容:一是一维物质浓度测定;二是二维化学分布成像;三是与薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)、平衡式孔隙水采样器(Peeper)和平面光极(PO)等技术联用同步获取多种溶质分布信息。现有研究证据表明,DGT适合在亚毫米(几十至几百微米)至毫米尺度研究环境微界面营养盐和污染物运移的生物地球化学过程,并可与其他化学成像技术结合研究物质跨界面运移的驱动因子和动力学特征。最后,在DGT技术发展与应用场景扩展等方面提出了几点展望。     

Localization of amino acids in germinated rice grain: Gamma-aminobutyric acid and essential amino acids production approach

Germinated rice is popularly consumed for its high gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and bioactive compounds. Supporting information on how to germinate rice with high GABA content and essential amino acids is lacking. White and colored rough rice were germinated for 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h. GABA, GABA substrates and essential amino acids were also investigated using GC-MS and MALDI-MSI. GABA was more concentrated after germination and shifted into the coleoptile. High correlation was recorded between germination time and GABA (0.79–0.83, p ≤ 0.01) and glutamic acid (0.88–0.89, p ≤ 0.01). Highest rates of GABA and glutamic production were observed within 48 h of germination in both rice varieties (26.12 and 34.28 mg/100g) and reached maximum value at 96 h (31.36 and 38.75 mg/100g). Colored rice germination showed higher GABA, GABA substrates and deficient amino acids than white rice. GABA and essential amino acids drastically increased after germination, supporting the consumption of germinated rice as a functional food.     

基于无人机成像高光谱影像的冬小麦LAI估测

利用无人机Cubert UHD185 Firefly成像光谱仪和ASD光谱仪获取了冬小麦挑旗期、开花期和灌浆期的成像和非成像高光谱以及LAI数据。首先,对比ASD与UHD185光谱仪数据光谱反射率,评价两者精度;然后,选取7个光谱参数,分析其与冬小麦3个生育期LAI的相关性,并使用线性回归和指数回归挑选出最佳估测参数;最后利用多元线性回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络和支持向量机构建了冬小麦3个不同生育期LAI的估测模型。结果表明:UHD185光谱仪光谱反射率在红边区域与ASD光谱仪趋势一致性很高,反射率在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的R^2分别为0.9959、0.9990和0.9968,UHD185光谱仪数据精度较高;7种光谱参数在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期与LAI相关性最高的参数分别是NDVI(r=0.738)、SR(r=0.819)、NDVI×SR(r=0.835);LAI-MLR为冬小麦LAI的最佳估测模型,其中开花期拟合性最好,精度最高(建模R^2=0.6788、RMSE为0.69、NRMSE为19.79%,验证R^2=0.8462、RMSE为0.47、NRMSE为16.04%)。